The substrate 100 may be any suitable substrate and may include a semiconducting material, such as, for example, silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), silicon germanium (SiGe), silicon carbide (SiC), gallium nitride (GaN) or gallium arsenide (GaAs), a non-semiconducting material such as, for example, silicon oxide (SiO2), aluminum (Al), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), ceramic, quartz, or copper (Cu), or any combination thereof, including multilayers, for example, germanium on silicon, or silicon on insulator (SOI). For some applications, the substrate 100 may be a semiconductor substrate doped with impurities to render them p-type or n-type. In a p-doped silicon substrate, the Si substrate may be doped with p-type dopants such as, for example, boron (B), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga) and indium (In). In an n-doped silicon substrate, the Si substrate may be doped with n-type dopants such as, for example, antimony (Sb), arsenic (As) and phosphorous (P). The preferable substrate material for the substrate 100 is silicon.