FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a device 900 for executing applications according to an embodiment. For example, the device 900 may include a processor 902 that further includes one or more physical processing units, and a computer-readable instruction code storage 904 coupled to the one or more physical processing units and having instructions stored thereon that are executable by the one or more physical processing units to perform the above described methods. For example, the processor 902 may be the processor 100 illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, and the computer-readable instruction code storage 904 may be a memory space of a physical processing unit of the processor 902, a memory space shared by all physical processing units of the processor 902, or a memory space located outside of the processor 902. Also for example, the device 900 may operate as a node of a blockchain system, or communicate with a node of a blockchain system if it does not operate as a node.

In some embodiments, a computer program product may include a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having computer-readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out the above-described methods.

The computer-readable storage medium may be a tangible device that can store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer-readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. The computer-readable storage medium may be a built-in component packaged into a processor.