Using the above rationale, a mapping between phonemes and haptic outputs can be generated, such as the one shown in the above FIGS. 11K-11Q. FIG. 11R further illustrates this mapping between haptic outputs and phonemes by showing the relationship between the characteristics of the haptic outputs and the manner and place of articulation of the corresponding mapped phonemes. These characteristics may include the location of the haptic output on the user's arm, the duration, the type, the movement experienced, the sequence of cutaneous actuators activated, and so on. For example, the manner of articulation of the phonemes “/p/” and “/b/” are voiceless and voiced stop consonants. Furthermore, the place of articulation of the phonemes “/p/” and “/b/” are bilabial, or near the lips. Thus, the corresponding mapping of these phonemes is to haptic outputs that are 1) at a single point, as they are consonants, 2) near the user's wrist, as they are plosive, and 3) vibration type for the voiceless “/p/” and pulsatile for the voiced “/b/.” The remaining consonant phonemes shown in FIG. 11R are mapped in a similar fashion.
