For the manners of articulation listed, fricatives and nasals, along with their corresponding mappings, have been noted above. Affricate consonants begin as a stop or plosive and release as a fricative, and map here to vibration plus a linear shear type movement for the haptic output. Liquid consonants include lateral consonants (in English—“l(fā)” in “l(fā)ed”) and rhotics (in English—“r” in “red”). These are mapped to haptic outputs that have a vibration type plus a shear type that has a circular activation of the cutaneous actuators resulting in a circular shear sensation. Finally, glide, or semivowel consonants, are phonemes that are similar to a vowel sound but do not act as the nucleus of a syllable, such as the “w” and “y” consonants. These are mapped to vibration plus pressure haptic outputs with an additional sequence of activation of cutaneous actuators as indicated by the respective arrows. For these cases, the level of pressure generated may increase with each successive cutaneous actuator that is activated.