The correspondence between each haptic C-V pair and each spoken C-V pair may be selected based on articulation association, in a fashion similar to that described above for 
Initially, the C-V pair haptic signal converter 1416 receives 1472 an input word which is a unit of a language that is written using C-V pairs, such as Hindi. The w C-V pair haptic signal converter 1416 converts 1474 the input word into its component C-V pairs.
The C-V pair haptic signal converter 1416 converts 1152 the C-V pairs into a sequence of actuator signals. This sequence is formed from a concatenation of sub-sequences of actuator signals. Each C-V pair in the language corresponds to one of these sub-sequences of actuator signals. Each of the actuator signals are mapped to a cutaneous actuator of a two dimensional array of cutaneous actuators placed on an interior surface of a harness shaped to wrap around a user's arm. The interior surface of the harness facing the user's arm when worn by the user.