The carrier signal generator 1872 generates the broadband carrier signals 1828 by aggregating a plurality of frequency components. The carrier signal generator 1872 includes a frequency generator 1856 and a random amplitude generator 1860. In other embodiments, the carrier signal generator 1872 may include additional or fewer components than those described herein. Similarly, the functions can be distributed among the components and/or different entities in a different manner than is described here.
The frequency generator 1856 generates the frequency components 1858 for use by the actuator signal generator 1876. The frequency generator 1856 may generate periodic pulses or waveforms at different frequencies of alternation. In one embodiment, the frequency generator 1856 may include a reference oscillator to supply a periodic wave with a known frequency to a phase-locked loop (PLL), which generates each frequency component 1858 at a desired frequency (e.g., 10-300 Hz). In one embodiment, each of the frequency components (e.g., fi) has a sinusoidal waveform and a difference in frequency (fj?fi) between each pair fi, fj of adjacent frequency components is less than a threshold frequency ft. For example, the frequency components may be sinusoidal signals having frequencies 10 Hz, 10.2 Hz, 10.4 Hz, . . . , 300 Hz. Here the difference in frequency (e.g., 10.4 Hz-10.2 Hz) between each pair fi, fj of adjacent frequency components is less than a threshold frequency (e.g., 0.29 Hz). In one embodiment, a number of the frequency components is between 10 and 1000 and each of the frequency components has a frequency between 10 Hz and 300 Hz. For example, if there are 1000 evenly spaced frequency components between 10 Hz and 300 Hz, the difference in frequency between adjacent frequency components will be (300?10)=290/1000=0.29 Hz.