As illustrated in FIG. 1, in an exemplary embodiment, a display apparatus has a display area DA in which a plurality of pixels are arranged and a peripheral area PA disposed outside of the display area DA. It will be understood that a substrate 100 (refer to FIG. 3) includes the display area DA and the peripheral area PA. The peripheral area PA includes a pad area to which various electrical elements including, for example, an integrated circuit (IC) or a printed circuit board (PCB), are electrically connected. An electrode power supply line VSS electrically connected to opposite electrodes 315 and 325 (refer to FIG. 3) extending from the display area DA to the peripheral area PA, a power supply line VDD extending to the display area DA, or the like may also be arranged in the peripheral area PA.

The substrate 100 may include various materials and may be flexible or bendable. For example, the substrate 100 may include polymer resins such as polyether sulphone (PES), polyacrylate (PAR), polyetherimide (PEI), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyarylate, polyimide (PI), polycarbonate (PC), or cellulose acetate propionate (CAP). Alternatively, the substrate 100 may be modified to have a multi-stack structure including two layers and a barrier layer interposed between the two layers, the two layers including polymer resins and the barrier layer including an inorganic material (e.g., silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, or the like). However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, the substrate 100 may include glass.