A secondary battery according to at least one of the above-described embodiments includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, and an aqueous electrolyte. The separator includes a porous self-supporting film, a solid electrolyte layer, and a first binder. The solid electrolyte layer is provided on one main surface of the porous self-supporting film. The first binder contains a polymeric material. The porous self-supported film and the solid electrolyte layer are adhered with the first binder. The first binder exists on another main surface of the porous self-supporting film. The solid electrolyte layer includes solid electrolyte particles and a second binder. The solid electrolyte particles have alkali metal ions conductivity. The second binder contains a polymeric material. The polymeric material of the second binder is a same material as the polymeric material of the first material. When a separator having such a configuration is used, the movement of water between the positive electrode and the negative electrode can be suppressed, and, at the same time, the thickness of the separator can be reduced. Accordingly, the secondary battery according to the at least one embodiment including such a separator can implement high energy density and high life characteristics.
While certain embodiments have been described, these embodiments have been presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the inventions. Indeed, the novel embodiments described herein may be embodied in a variety of other forms; furthermore, various omissions, substitutions and changes in the form of the embodiments described herein may be made without departing from the spirit of the inventions. The accompanying claims and their equivalents are intended to cover such forms or modifications as would fall within the scope and spirit of the inventions.