Moreover, as an option, the present memory card 100 may be implemented in conjunction with features from any other embodiment listed herein, such as those described with reference to the other FIGS. However, such memory card 100 and others presented herein may be used in various applications and/or in permutations which may or may not be specifically described in the illustrative embodiments listed herein. Further, the memory card 100 presented herein may be used in any desired environment.

With continued reference to FIG. 1, memory card 100 includes a gateway 102, a general purpose processor (GPP) 112 (such as an ASIC, FPGA, CPU, etc.) connected to a GPP memory 114 (which may comprise RAM, ROM, battery-backed DRAM, phase-change memory PC-RAM, MRAM, STT-MRAM, etc., or a combination thereof), and a number of memory controllers 108 (such as ASICs, FPGAs, CPUs, etc.), which include Flash controllers in the present example. Each memory controller 108 is connected to a plurality of NVRAM memory modules 104 (which may comprise NAND Flash or other non-volatile memory type(s) such as those listed above) via channels 106.

According to various embodiments, one or more of the controllers 108 may be or include one or more processors, and/or any logic for controlling any subsystem of the memory card 100. For example, the controllers 108 typically control the functions of NVRAM memory modules 104 such as, data writing, data recirculation, data reading, data erasing, etc. The controllers 108 may operate using logic known in the art, as well as any logic disclosed herein, and thus may be considered as a processor for any of the descriptions of non-volatile memory included herein, in various embodiments.