US2015/0242444 discloses photovoltaic perovskite devices comprising optional additives. Several perovskite deposition methods are mentioned in this reference. The reference focuses on the presence of an interfacial layer for enhancing charge transport and preventing charge recombination. In summary, this reference is substantially concerned with perovskite solar cell architectures allowing maximizing the power conversion efficiency.
EP2966703 discloses organic inorganic perovskite heterojunction photovoltaic devices wherein 5-amoniumvaleric acid iodide is used as a templating agent for enhancing crystal growth of the perovskite, device performance and stability.
The perovskite precursor solutions that have been proposed previously all have the drawback that said solutions, when getting in contact with a surface, for example of a glass vial or printing cartridge, rapidly precipitate, such that said solution cannot be applied by way of printing techniques.
For the purpose of the present invention, enhanced crystal growth of the perovskite is a disadvantage if crystal growth and thus precipitation occurs too early, in particular in the printing cartridge, at the printing nozzle, or indeed at any moment before complete infiltration of a porous surface increasing layer or a porous photoanode.