The carbon catalyst may be a nitrogen-containing carbon catalyst. The nitrogen-containing carbon catalyst is a carbon catalyst having a carbon structure including a nitrogen atom. The nitrogen-containing carbon catalyst is produced by, for example, carbonizing a raw material including a nitrogen-containing organic substance (e.g., an organic compound including one or more nitrogen atoms in a molecule thereof). That is, in this case, the nitrogen-containing carbon catalyst is a carbonized product of the raw material including a nitrogen-containing organic substance. In addition, when the nitrogen-containing carbon catalyst contains the non-platinum metal, the nitrogen-containing carbon catalyst is a carbonized product of a raw material including the nitrogen-containing organic substance and the non-platinum metal.