FIG. 3 illustrates the projected installed system cost of an electrode-decoupled Ti—Ce redox flow battery at different productions scales for a 1 MWh module.

FIG. 4 is a schematic of one aspect of an electrode-decoupled titanium-cerium RFB.

FIG. 5 illustrates a polarization curve of an electrode-decoupled Ti—Ce RFB with a quaternized Cardo-poly(etherketone) membrane, 0.5 M TiOSO₄/3 M H₂SO₄ negative electrolyte, 0.5 M Ce(SO₄)₂/3 M H₂SO₄ positive electrolyte at a flow rate of 100 mL/min.

FIG. 6A illustrates a representative charge-discharge curve of an electrode-decoupled Ti—Ce RFB with a quaternized Cardo-poly(etherketone) membrane, 0.5 M TiOSO₄/3 M H₂SO₄ negative electrolyte, 0.5 M Ce(SO₄)₂/3 M H₂SO₄ positive electrolyte at a flow rate of 100 mL/min and a 0.5 A current. FIG. 6B illustrates the charge-discharge curve of an electrode-decoupled Ti—Ce RFB with a quaternized Cardo-poly(etherketone) membrane, 0.9 M TiOSO₄/4 M CH₃SO₃H negative electrolyte, 0.9 M Ce(CH₃SO₃)₃/4 M CH₃SO₃H positive electrolyte at a flow rate of 100 mL/min and a 0.5 A current.