FIG. 1 illustrates an example metal-ion (e.g., Li-ion) battery in which the components, materials, methods, and other techniques described herein, or combinations thereof, may be applied according to various embodiments. A cylindrical battery is shown here for illustration purposes, but other types of arrangements, including prismatic or pouch (laminate-type) batteries, may also be used as desired. The example battery 100 includes a negative anode 102, a positive cathode 103, a separator 104 interposed between the anode 102 and the cathode 103, an electrolyte (shown implicitly) impregnating the separator 104, a battery case 105, and a sealing member 106 sealing the battery case 105.

Conventional electrolytes for Li- or Na-based batteries of this type are generally composed of a 0.8-1.2 M (1M±0.2 M) solution of a single Li or Na salt (such as LiPF₆ for Li-ion batteries and NaPF₆ or NaClO₄ salts for Na-ion batteries) in a mixture of carbonate solvents with 1-2 wt. % of other organic additives. Common organic additives may include nitriles, esters, sulfones, sulfoxides, phosphorous-based solvents, silicon-based solvents, ethers, and others. Such additive solvents may be modified (e.g., sulfonated or fluorinated).