Please note that the sensors 301, 302, 303, 304 submerged in the thermal management fluid are for understanding behavior and condition of the battery and the thermal management fluid, not for cooling the sensors 301, 302, 303, 304, and such arrangement are useful for improving safety of the battery pack.

The electrical connections among the battery cells 101 and sensors may heat up easily, the heat dissipating in the form of waste heat. If the electrical connections include a fuse element, the temperature change would adversely affect the fusing. The electrical connections being at a relatively high temperature may also adversely affect the efficiency of the battery modules. Cooling the electrical connections by submerging it in the thermal management fluid improves efficiency of the battery modules and reduces power wastage. Please note that the battery module differs from the conventional ones because the electrical connections are completely submerged in the thermal management fluid so as to facilitate the electrical connections to be cooled more efficiently.

FIG. 3 shows a battery system for an electric vehicle according to a second embodiment of the disclosure. The second embodiment is similar to the first embodiment except that in the second embodiment, the management module 200 includes a plurality of the sensing units 300 disposed in the accommodation spaces 103 of the battery modules 100, respectively. Each of the sensing units 300 includes a printed circuit board 305, a connectivity sensor 301, a flow meter 302, a pressure sensor 303, and a temperature sensor 304.

The printed circuit board 305 is disposed in the respective accommodation space 103.