The connectivity sensor 301 is mounted on the printed circuit board 305, and is electrically connected to two of the first connection bars 13 of the respective battery module 100 for detecting an electrical resistance between the two of the first connection bars 13. The electrical connections among the connectivity sensor 301 and the two of the first connection bars 131 are shown by dotted lines in 
The flow meter 302 is mounted on the printed circuit board 305 for detecting a flow rate of the thermal management fluid inside the respective accommodation space 103.
The pressure sensor 303 is mounted on the printed circuit board 305 for detecting liquid pressure of the thermal management fluid inside the respective accommodation space 103. In an embodiment, the pressure sensors 303 are atmospheric MEMS sensors.
The temperature sensor 304 is mounted on the printed circuit board 305 for detecting temperature of the thermal management fluid inside the respective accommodation space 103.
In an embodiment shown in