At act 1510, the second interrogator device that, at act 1508, transmitted the third RF signal to the target device, may receive a responsive fourth RF signal from the target device. The responsive fourth RF signal may be a transformed version of the transmitted third RF signal. The target device may generate the responsive fourth RF signal by receiving and transforming the transmitted third RF signal according to any of the techniques described herein. In some embodiments, the frequency content of the responsive fourth RF signal received at act 1510 may be different from that of the transmitted third RF signal transmitted at act 1508. For example, when the transmitted third RF signal has a first center frequency (e.g., the same center frequency as the first RF signal), the responsive fourth RF signal may have a second center frequency that is different from and is a harmonic of the first center frequency (e.g., the same center frequency as the second RF signal). In some embodiments, the polarization of the responsive RF fourth signal may be different from the polarization of the transmitted third RF signal. For example, when the third transmitted RF signal is circularly polarized in a clockwise direction, the received fourth RF signal may be circularly polarized in a counter-clockwise direction.
At act 1512, an estimate of the distance between the second interrogator and the target device may be determined by using the third RF signal transmitted at act 1508 and the fourth RF signal received at act 1510. This may be done in any suitable way including in any of the ways described above with reference to act 1506.