In an embodiment, a network-connected database may be used, hosted on a database server connected to the IP-based network cloud. The database may include local file storage, where the file system includes the data storage and indexing scheme, a relational database, such as those produced commercially by the Oracle Corporation or MySQL, an object database, an object relational database, a NOSQL database such as commercially provided MangoDB, or other database structures such as indexed record structures. The database may be stored solely within a single persistent memory, or may be stored across one or more persistent memories, or may even be stored in persistent memories on different computers.

A copy of the database, or a cache of database items, may be stored locally on the end user and routers of the described technology.

IP-based networks rely upon DNS servers to translate Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) host names into IP addresses. Redirection of DNS queries may be detected using the techniques described herein.