FIG. 1 is a functional diagram of a 3GPP network in accordance with some embodiments. The network may comprise a radio access network (RAN) (e.g., as depicted, the E-UTRAN or evolved universal terrestrial radio access network) 100 and the core network 120 (e.g., shown as an evolved packet core (EPC)) coupled together through an S1 interface 115. For convenience and brevity sake, only a portion of the core network 120, as well as the RAN 100, is shown.
The core network 120 includes mobility management entity (MME) 122, serving gateway (serving GW) 124, and packet data network gateway (PDN GW) 126. The RAN 100 includes eNBs 104 (which may operate as base stations) for communicating with UE 102. The eNBs 104 may include macro eNBs and low power (LP) eNBs.