Furthermore, while the scenarios above focus on mobile broadband services, all wireless devices with mobility, such as IoT sensor devices, are subject to the same challenges. In fact, the trend of spectrum licensing for dedicated service types such as Intelligent Traffic Systems, National Security & Public Safety service can result in geographically local systems, with roaming needs to other systems and frequency bands when a wireless device moves out of a local area to a more general system where basic connectivity is still wanted.

A wireless device accesses a new cellular network with a roaming operation. When entering a new cellular network, the wireless device tries to connect to this network. Migration between networks using roaming is primarily used when the wireless device is unable to access the original operator network. Other migration techniques comprise a set up with a gateway core network architecture, GWCN, or a multi operator core network, MOCN.

However, as a general rule, operators want to minimize interaction between each other when performing inter 3GPP network migration; since GWCN and MOCN introduce high dependencies between companies sharing part of the network architecture this would not be an attractive solution for inter 3GPP network migration. Present roaming techniques, on the other hand, provides for an acceptable level of interaction between operators, but has drawbacks in that roaming to a shared network island would be initiated only when the connection to the original network, i.e., the first macro cellular network, becomes unavailable for a wireless device. Thus, present day solutions for wireless device migration between different networks provide inadequate migration solutions, prevent migration control and optimized traffic distribution between the networks.