In this example, a light-emitting element 1A, a light-emitting element 2A, a comparative light-emitting element 3A, a light-emitting element 4A, and a light-emitting element 8A were fabricated. The structure and fabrication method of the light-emitting element 1A are the same as those of the light-emitting element 1 in Example 5. The structures and fabrication methods of the light-emitting element 2A, the comparative light-emitting element 3A, the light-emitting element 4A, and the light-emitting element 8A are the same as those of the light-emitting element 2 in Example 5, the comparative light-emitting element 3 in Example 5, the light-emitting element 4 in Example 6, and the light-emitting element 8 in Example 9, respectively.
In preservation tests of this example, the light-emitting elements were each preserved in a thermostatic oven maintained at 100° C. for a predetermined time, and the operation characteristics were measured. Note that the operation characteristics were measured at room temperature (in an atmosphere kept at 25° C.) after the light-emitting elements were taken out of the thermostatic oven.