In some embodiments, memory means may comprise a main memory, processor cache memories, mass storage memories, and any other device/component capable of storing data/information. A memory mean may be volatile, non-volatile, or a combination of both volatile and non-volatile memory units.

A volatile memory may use one or more of a RAM, DRAM (e.g., DDR, SDRAM) SRAM, T-RAM, and Z-RAM. Volatile memories are generally advantageous in terms of improving read/write performance, with a lower cost/footprint than non-volatile writable memories.

A non-volatile memory may use one or more of a Mask ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, NVRAM, Flash memory Solid-state storage, nvSRAM, FeRAM (Ferro-electric RAM), MRAM (Magnetic RAM), PRAM. Non-volatile memories are generally advantageous in terms of providing access to previously stored information upon reboot and/or power cycle.

A mass storage memory may be for example a hard drive, an optical drive, or a tape drive.

According to some embodiments, the digital circuit 1 may be a part of a cryptographic digital circuit device configured to perform cryptographic mechanisms or algorithms involving the use, the generation and/or the storage of one or more cryptographic keys. The cryptographic mechanisms may be implemented to ensure security, authentication, protection, and/or privacy of data and/or signals stored on the digital circuit device or transferred over the system 100.