Optionally, a solid electrolyte comprises a doped ceramic including one or more dopants. Useful dopants include, but are not limited to, an alkali metal dopant, an alkaline earth dopant, a group 3 dopant, a scandium dopant, a yttrium dopant, a lanthanide dopant, a titanium oxide dopant, a hydrogen dopant, a silver dopant, a lead dopant, a calcia dopant, a magnesia dopant, a dysprosia dopant, or a ytterbia dopant. Optionally, a solid electrolyte comprises a heavily doped ceramic. For example, in some embodiments a solid electrolyte comprises a ceramic alloy, such as beta alumina. Doping a ceramic may advantageously introduce defects that modify an ionic conductivity as compared to the undoped ceramic.