Further, in some embodiments, the energy storage devices exhibit exceptional cycle lives. For example, the energy storage devices may be charged and discharged any number of times without inducing damage to the energy storage device, such as damage characteristic of capacity loss, electrolyte oxidation or reduction, electrode destruction, etc. For example, the energy storage devices of some embodiments may be charged and discharged more than or about 100 times, more than or about 1000 times, more than or about 10000 times, more than or about 100000 times, or more than or about 1000000 times, or between 1 and 1000000 without damaging the energy storage device, such as damage characteristic of capacity loss, electrolyte oxidation or reduction, electrode destruction, etc.
Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, there can be discussion herein of beliefs or understandings of underlying principles relating to the invention. It is recognized that regardless of the ultimate correctness of any mechanistic explanation or hypothesis, an embodiment of the invention can nonetheless be operative and useful.