Advantageously, the disclosed energy storage devices may operate under a variety of different voltage regimes. For example, an initial charging operation may correspond to a first reduction of metal in an anode such that anions are released by the anode to the solid electrolyte. The anions may take part in a reaction at the cathode where anions are adsorbed or otherwise taken up by the cathode to participate in an oxidation. The cathode will thus be in a more oxidized state after charging. If sufficient ions are available, oxidation may take on different levels as more and more of the ionic material is driven into the cathode during charging.