Certain properties of the energy storage systems and devices described herein are strongly interrelated. For example, the highest level of performance may be achieved through system synergies in which the physical disposition of the active materials supports the most complete oxidation/reduction reactions. As noted above, in some embodiments, higher performance may correspond to using electrodes that are particularly thin or that exhibit high surface area. In some embodiments, higher performance may be achieved by using both sides of one or more electrodes in an energy storage device, which may be obtained using a stacked geometry in which a first surface of an electrode is positioned proximal to a first solid electrolyte and a second surface of the electrode is positioned proximal to a second solid electrolyte.
In some embodiments, an energy storage device may thus comprise several or hundreds of cells, or more, stacked together in a multi-layer arrangement. In some embodiments, a multi-layer arrangement may comprise a series of stacked energy storage cells in which the anode of one cell serves as the cathode of the cell stacked adjacent to it. In some embodiments, a multi-layer arrangement may comprise a plurality of stacked energy storage cells in which the anode of one cell also serves as the anode of an adjacent cell and/or in which the cathode of one cell also serves as the cathode of an adjacent cell.