In some embodiments, using particular metal containing compositions for the electrodes may be advantageous, as certain metals and metal containing compositions may exhibit desirable properties. Various examples are contemplated, depending on the particular chemistry involved with the energy storage device. For example, in an energy storage device based on oxygen, an electrode comprising a metal oxide, such as nickel cobaltite, zinc nickel cobalt ternary oxide, tungsten oxide, tungsten trioxide, iridium oxide, rhodium oxide, palladium oxide, and other metals and metal oxide as described herein, may be capable of undergoing reversible redox reactions to gain or lose oxygen atoms during charging or discharging. As another example, in some embodiments, an electrode comprising a metal may be capable of forming sequences of metal oxides of progressively greater molecular weight at a respective electrode surface, such as by way of different redox reactions.