As a representative example, the positive electrode active material may be one or more selected from the group consisting of cobalt, manganese, and nickel and one or more of composite oxides of lithium. An example of the composite oxide may include the following: LixMn1-yMyA2, LixMn1-yMyO2-zXz, LixMn2O4-zXz, LixMn2-yMyM′zA4, LixCo1-yMyA2, LixCo1-yMyO2-zxz, LixNi1-yMyA2, LixNi1-yMyO2-zXz, LixNi1-yCoyO2-zXz, LixNi1-y-zCoyMzAα, LixNi1-y-zCoyMzO2-αXα, LixNi1-y-zMnyMzAα, LixNi1-y-zMnyMzO2-αX, wherein 0.9≤x≤1.1, 0≤y≤0.5, 0≤z≤0.5, and 0≤α≤2, M and M′ are identical to or different from each other and selected, from the group consisting of Mg, Al, Co, K, Na, Ca, Si, Ti, Sn, V, Ge, Ga, B, As, Zr, Mn, Cr, Fe, Sr, V, and rare earth elements, A is selected from the group consisting of O, F, S, and P, and X is selected from the group consisting, of F, S, and P.