As a representative example, the positive electrode active material may include a lithium-metal oxide having a layered structure; a lithium-metal oxide having a spinel structure; a lithium-metal phosphate having an olivine structure; or a mixture thereof. More specifically, the lithium-metal oxide having a layered structure may include LiMO2 (M is one or two or more transition metals selected from Co and Ni); LiMO2 substituted with one or two or more heteroelements selected from the group consisting of Mg, Al, Fe, Ni, Cr, Zr, Ce, Ti, B, and Mn or coated with an oxide of these heteroelements (M is one or two or more transition metals selected from Co and Ni); LixNiαCoβMγO2 (x is a real number of 0.9≤x≤1.1, α is a real number of 0.7≤α≤0.9, β is a real number of 0.05≤β≤0.35, γ is a real number of 0.01≤γ≤0.1, α+β+γ=1, M is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Mg, Sr, Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, B, Al, Fe, Cr, Mn, and Ce); or LixNiaMnbCocMdO2 (x is a real number of 0.9≤x≤1.1, a is real number of 0.3≤a≤0.6, b is a real number of 0.3≤b≤0.4, c is a real number of 0.1≤c≤0.4, a+b+c+d=1, M is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Mg, Sr, Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, B, Al, Fe, Cr, and Ce), but is not limited thereto. The lithium-metal oxide having a spinel structure may include LiaMn2-xMxO4 (M is one or two or more elements selected from the group consisting of Al, Co, Ni, Cr, Fe, Zn, Mg, B, and Ti, a is a real number of 1≤a≤1.1, and x is a real number of 0≤x≤0.2), Li4Mn5O12, or the like, but is not limited thereto. A phosphate-based material having an olivine structure may include LiMPO4 (M is Fe, Co, or Mn) or the like, but is not limited thereto.