wherein, Zre was the real part of the impedance pattern obtained from the test, Rs is the solution resistance, and Rct is the resistance to charge transferring, ω is the angular frequency, f is the testing frequency, σ is the Warburg factor;
        Li+ diffusion coefficient in the bulk of the materials was calculated according to the following Lithium Ion Diffusion Coefficient Calculation formula:
DLi+=R2T2/(2A2n4F4C2σ2)
        wherein R is the ideal gas constant, T is the absolute temperature, A is the cross-sectional area of the electrode, n is the electron transfer number, F is the Faraday constant, and C is the concentration of lithium ion in the electrode.
    
    
Example 1-1
(1) The Preparation of a Precursor of the Nickel Cobalt Manganese Active Materials.