In some embodiments, planar capacitors 423a, 423b, and 423c comprise a number of layers stacked together to form a planar capacitor. These layers may extend in an x-plane when the capacitor is a planar capacitor. In some embodiments, the stack of layers includes refractive inter-metallic 411a/b as a barrier material; conductive oxides 412a/b, and FE material 413. FE material 413 can be any of the FE materials discussed herein. In some embodiments, refractive inter-metallic 411a/b are removed, and electrodes are in direct contact with conductive oxides 412a/b.
In some embodiments, refractive inter-metallic 411a/b maintains the FE properties of the FE capacitor. In the absence of refractive inter-metallic 411a/b, the ferroelectric material 413 of the capacitor may lose its potency. In some embodiments, refractive inter-metallic 411a/b comprises Ti and Al (e.g., TiAl compound). In some embodiments, refractive inter-metallic 411a/b comprises one or more of Ta, W, and/or Co. For example, refractive inter-metallic 411a/b includes a lattice of Ta, W, and Co.
In some embodiments, refractive inter-metallic 411a/b is part of a barrier layer which is a super lattice of a first material and a second material, wherein the first material includes Ti and Al (e.g., TiAl) and the second material includes Ta, W, and Co (e.g., layers of Ta, W, and Co together). In various embodiments, the lattice parameters of the barrier layer are matched with the lattice parameters of the conductive oxides and/or FE material 413.