In one embodiment, the passivation layer comprises charged polarons. In one embodiment, the passivation layer comprises polaron pairs formed from the acceptor molecule and the donor molecule. In one embodiment, the passivation layer comprises radical cations of the donor molecule and partially-reduced donor material.
In some embodiments, a device as disclosed herein may comprise an emissive layer having an emissive material and optionally a host material, wherein the host material may in some embodiments comprise CBP. In one embodiment, the host material may comprise mCBP or any other host material that is optically transparent in the emission zone of the emissive material. In one embodiment, the emissive layer is positioned in an organic host material such that the emissive layer, which may be an inorganic emissive layer, emits the light. In some embodiments, the host has an energy gap wider than the bandgap of the emissive layer.