For example, FIG. 14 illustrates a block diagram of an example architecture for a UE supporting multiple instances of a 5G NR stack, according to some embodiments. As shown, a UE 1406, which may be a UE 106, may include an application layer 1446 in communication with an LTE modem 1416 and multiple instances of a 5G NR stack (e.g., NR modem_0 1426 and NR modem_1 1436). As shown, LTE modem 1416 and NR modem_0 1426 may be in a non-stand-alone configuration whereas NR modem_1 1436 may be configured with a stand-alone configuration. Thus, RF resources may be shared between NR modem_0 1426 and NR modem_1 1436. In addition, UE 1406 may be connected (via connection 1452) to EPC 1402 via eNB 602 (e.g., via connections 1412 and 1430) in both a user plane and a control plane. In addition, gNB 604 may support a user plane connection 1420 with EPC 1402 and transport data to UE 1406 via connection 1422. Further, UE 1406 may be connected (via connection 1454) to 5G core 1404 via gNB 614 (which could also be gNB 604) in both a user plane and a control plane (e.g., via connections 1450 and 1452).
