In the present disclosure, the anode 100 comprises an anode material, which is preferably a high-work function material contributing to injection of holes into the functional layer. Specific examples of the anode material include, but are not limited to: metals such as nickel, platinum, vanadium, chromium, copper, zinc, gold, and alloys thereof; metal oxides such as zinc oxide, indium oxide, indium tin oxide (ITO), and indium zinc oxide (IZO); combinations of metals and oxides, such as ZnO:Al or SnO2:Sb; and conductive polymers such as poly(3-methylthiophene), poly[3,4-(ethylene-1,2-dioxy)thiophene] (PEDT), polypyrrole, and polyaniline. Preferably, a transparent electrode comprising indium tin oxide (ITO) is included as the anode.
In the present disclosure, the hole transport layer and the hole adjustment layer each may comprise one or more hole transport materials. The hole transport material may be selected from carbazole polymer, carbazole-linked triarylamine compounds, or other types of compounds, which may be selected from the following compounds or any combination thereof: