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摘要

Described is an active layer having a first surface region and a bulk region, the active layer comprising a small molecule component and a polymer component, wherein the relative concentration of the small molecule component is lower in the first surface than in the bulk region. Also described is a method of producing a surface-modified active layer comprising the steps of providing a pristine active layer comprising a small molecule component and a polymer component; applying an adhesive to the exposed surface of the pristine active layer to produce an adhesive-bound active layer; and removing the adhesive from the adhesive-bound active layer, and a method of producing electrical energy from sunlight, such as sunlight deposited over bodies of water.

說(shuō)明書(shū)

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CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/824,083, filed Mar. 26, 2019, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

權(quán)利要求

1

We claim:

1. An active layer comprising: a first surface, a bulk region and a second surface, the active layer comprising at least one small molecule component and at least one polymer component,wherein a weight ratio of the at least one small molecule component to the at least one polymer component the active layer is less than 1.0,

wherein the root mean square surface roughness of the first surface between 2.74 nm and 3.01 nm; wherein the weight ratio of the at least one small molecule component to the at least one polymer component is lower on the first surface than in the bulk region; and

wherein the weight ratio of the at least one small molecule component to the at least one polymer component on the first surface is between 15:85 and 1:99.

2. The active layer of claim 1, wherein the at least one small molecule component comprises a fullerene derivative.

3. The active layer of claim 1, wherein the at least one small molecule component comprises an n-type small molecule selected from the group consisting of 3,9-bis(2-methylene-(3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2′,3′-d′]-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]dithiophene (ITIC), 3,9-bis(2-methylene-((3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-6/7-methyl)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2′,3′-d′]-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]dithiophene (IT-M or ITIC-M), 3,9-bis(2-methylene-(3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(5-hexylthienyl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2′,3′-d′]-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]dithiophene (ITIC-Th), 3,9-bis(2-methylene-((3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-6,7-difluoro)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2′,3′-d′]-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]dithiophene (ITIC-2F), and 3,9-bis(2-methylene-((3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-6,7-dimethyl)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2′,3′-d′]-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]dithiophene (ITIC-DM).

4. The active layer of claim 1, wherein the at least one polymer component comprises an electron donor polymer.

5. The active layer of claim 1, wherein the at least one polymer component is selected from the group consisting of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), poly[4,8-bis-(2-ethyl-hexyl-thiophene-5-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl]-alt-[2-(2′-ethyl-hexanoyl)-thieno[3,4-b]thiophen-4,6-diyl](PBDTTT-CT), poly[N-9′-hepta-decanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4′,7′-di-2-thienyl-2′,1′,3′-enzothiadiazole)] (PCDTBT), poly[6-fluoro-2,3-bis-(3-octyloxyphenyl) quinoxaline-5,8-diyl-alt-thiophene-2,5-diyl] (FTQ), poly(3-octylthiophene) (P3 T), poly(3-hexyloxythiophene) (P3DOT), poly(3-methylthiophene) (PMeT), poly(3-dodecylthiophene) (P3DDT), poly(3-dodecylthienylenevinylene) (PDDTV), poly(3,3 dialkylquarterthiophene) (PQT), poly-dioctyl-fluorene-co-bithiophene (F8T2), Poly[[4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl][3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl]](PTB7), poly-(2,5,-bis(3-alkylthiophene-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (PBTTT-C12), poly[2,7-(9,9′-dihexylfluorene)-alt-2,3-dimethyl-5,7-dithien-2-yl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole](PFDDTBT), poly{[2,7-(9,9-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-fluorene)]-alt-[5,5-4,7-di-20-thienyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)]} (BisEH-PFDTBT), poly {[2,7-(9,9-bis-(3,7-dimethyl-octyl)-fluorene)]-alt-[5,5-(4,7-di-20-thienyl-2,3-benzothiadiazole)]} (BisDMO-PFDTBT), poly[N-9″-hepta-decanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4′,7′-di-2-thienyl-2′,1′,3′-benzothiadiazole)](PCDT3BT), poly[4,8-bis-substituted-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl-alt-4-substituted-thieno[3,4-b]thio-phene-2,6-diyl] (PBDTTT-C-T), Poly(benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-alt-thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione (PBDTTPD), poly((4,4-dioctyldithieno(3,2-b:2′,3′-d)silole)-2,6-diyl-alt-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)-4,7-diyl) (PSBTBT), poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene))-alt-(5,5-(1′,3′-di-2-thienyl-5′,7′-bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzo[1′,2′-c:4′,5′-c′]dithiophene-4,8-dione)]) (PBDB-T), poly[4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b;4,5-b]dithiophene-2,6-diyl-alt-(4-(2-ethylhexyl)-3-fluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene-)-2-carboxylate-2-6-diyl)] (PTB7-Th), poly[(5,6-difluoro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-4,7-diyl)-alt-(3,3′″-di(2-octyldodecyl)-2,2’,5′,2″,5″,2′″-quaterthiophen-5,5′″-diyl)] (PffBT4T-20D), poly[(2,5-bis(2-hexyldecyloxy)phenylene)-alt-(5,6-difluoro-4,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c]-[1,2,5]thiadiazole)] (PPDT2FBT), Poly[2-(5-(4,8-bis(5-((2-butyloctyl)thio)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophen-2-yl)-4-octylthiophen-2-yl)-5-(4-octylthiophen-2-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole] (PBDTS-TDZ), Poly[2,5-(2-decyltetradecyl)-3,6-diketopyrrolopyrrole-alt-5,5-(2,5-di(thien-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene)] (PDPPTT), Poly[2,5-(2-octyldodecyl)-3,6-diketopyrrolopyrrole-alt-5,5-(2,5-di(thien-2-yl)thieno [3,2-b]thiophene)] (PDPP2T-TT-OD), and poly {1-(5-(4,8-bis((2-ethylhexyl)oxy)-6-methylbenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b0]dithiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-5,7-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-3-(5-methylthiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c0]dithiophene-4,8-dione} (PDBD-O).

6. A submersible photovoltaic device comprising the active layer of claim 1.

7. A photovoltaic devicecomprising: a transparent or semi-transparent first electrode;

the active layer of claim 1 disposed over the transparent or semi-transparent first electrode; and

a second electrode disposed over the first surface of the active layer.

8. The photovoltaic device of claim 7, further comprising a charge transporting material between the second electrode and the first surface of the active layer.

9. The photovoltaic device of claim 7, wherein the photovoltaic device maintains at least 80% of its power conversion efficiency (PCE) after 9,000 bend cycles under water at a bending radius of 15 mm.

10. A method of converting sunlight deposited over bodies of water into electrical energy, the method comprising the steps of:providing the photovoltaic device of claim 8;

submerging the photovoltaic device under water;

and

producing electrical energy using the submerged photovoltaic device.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the step of submerging the photovoltaic device under water further comprises the step of attaching the photovoltaic device to a submersible surface.

12. The active layer of claim 1, wherein the at least one polymer component is selected from the group consisting of poly[4,8-bis-(2-ethyl-hexyl-thiophene-5-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl]-alt-[2-(2′-ethyl-hexanoyl)-thieno[3,4-b]thiophen-4,6-diyl](PBDTTT-CT), poly[N-9′-hepta-decanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4′,7′-di-2-thienyl-2′,1′,3′-enzothiadiazole)] (PCDTBT), poly[6-fluoro-2,3-bis-(3-octyloxyphenyl) quinoxaline-5,8-diyl-alt-thiophene-2,5-diyl] (FTQ), poly(3-octylthiophene) (P3 T), poly(3-hexyloxythiophene) (P3DOT), poly(3-methylthiophene) (PMeT), poly(3-dodecylthiophene) (P3DDT), poly(3-dodecylthienylenevinylene) (PDDTV), poly(3,3 dialkylquarterthiophene) (PQT), poly-dioctyl-fluorene-co-bithiophene (F8T2), Poly[[4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl][3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl]](PTB7), poly-(2,5,-bis(3-alkylthiophene-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (PBTTT-C12), poly[2,7-(9,9′-dihexylfluorene)-alt-2,3-dimethyl-5,7-dithien-2-yl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole](PFDDTBT), poly{[2,7-(9,9-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-fluorene)]-alt-[5,5-4,7-di-20-thienyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)]} (BisEH-PFDTBT), poly {[2,7-(9,9-bis-(3,7-dimethyl-octyl)-fluorene)]-alt-[5,5-(4,7-di-20-thienyl-2,3-benzothiadiazole)]} (BisDMO-PFDTBT), poly[N-9″-hepta-decanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4′,7′-di-2-thienyl-2′,1′,3′-benzothiadiazole)](PCDT3BT), poly[4,8-bis-substituted-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl-alt-4-substituted-thieno[3,4-b]thio-phene-2,6-diyl] (PBDTTT-C-T), Poly(benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-alt-thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione (PBDTTPD), poly((4,4-dioctyldithieno(3,2-b:2′,3′-d)silole)-2,6-diyl-alt-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)-4,7-diyl) (PSBTBT), poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene))-alt-(5,5-(1′,3′-di-2-thienyl-5′,7′-bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzo[1′,2′-c:4′,5′-e]dithiophene-4,8-dione)]) (PBDB-T), poly[4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b;4,5-b]dithiophene-2,6-diyl-alt-(4-(2-ethylhexyl)-3-fluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene-)-2-carboxylate-2-6-diyl)] (PTB7-Th), poly[(5,6-difluoro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-4,7-diyl)-alt-(3,3′″-di(2-octyldodecyl)-2,2’,5′,2″,5″,2′″-quaterthiophen-5,5″′-diyl)] (PffBT4T-20D), poly[(2,5-bis(2-hexyldecyloxy)phenylene)-alt-(5,6-difluoro-4,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c]-[1,2,5]thiadiazole)] (PPDT2FBT), Poly[2-(5-(4,8-bis(5-((2-butyloctyl)thio)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophen-2-yl)-4-octylthiophen-2-yl)-5-(4-octylthiophen-2-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole] (PBDTS-TDZ), Poly[2,5-(2-decyltetradecyl)-3,6-diketopyrrolopyrrole-alt-5,5-(2,5-di(thien-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene)] (PDPPTT), Poly[2,5-(2-octyldodecyl)-3,6-diketopyrrolopyrrole-alt-5,5-(2,5-di(thien-2-yl)thieno [3,2-b]thiophene)] (PDPP2T-TT-OD), and poly{1-(5-(4,8-bis((2-ethylhexyl)oxy)-6-methylbenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b0]dithiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-5,7-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-3-(5-methylthiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c0]dithiophene-4,8-dione} (PDBD-O).

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Organic solar cells and methods of making the same

摘要

說(shuō)明書(shū)

權(quán)利要求

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Organic solar cells and methods of making the same

摘要

說(shuō)明書(shū)

權(quán)利要求

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