In another aspect, the present invention relates to a photovoltaic device comprising: a transparent or semi-transparent first electrode; an active layer of the present invention disposed over the first electrode; and a second electrode disposed over the first surface region of the active layer. In one embodiment, the photovoltaic device further comprises a charge transporting material between the second electrode and the first surface of the active layer. In one embodiment, the photovoltaic device maintains at least 80% of its power conversion efficiency (PCE) after 9,000 bend cycles under water at a bending radius of 15 mm.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method of converting sunlight deposited over bodies of water into electrical energy, the method comprising the steps of: providing a photovoltaic device of the present invention; submerging the photovoltaic device under water; and producing electrical energy using the submerged photovoltaic device. In one embodiment, the step of submerging the photovoltaic device under water further comprises the step of attaching the photovoltaic device to a submersible surface.