It seems that the AC loss reduction technology is mostly used in the environment where the superconducting current is changed. In that case, it is preferable that the artificial pin that reduces the influence of the magnetic field exists in the superconducting region. A method such as a clustered atomically substituted artificial pin (CARP) (Japanese Patent No. 6374365, T. Araki, et. Al. Supercond. Sci. Technol. 31 (2018) 065008 (8pp)), which is spontaneously created rather than a method for injecting foreign objects from the outside such as BaZrO3 is considered to be more advantageous for the manufacturing of superconducting films.
The difference between the elements of YBCO and CARP is that CARP is the one that substitutes only 8% of the Y site which occupies only ?. Although there is contraction due to a change in a valence of Pr, the change in the lattice length is not much different from that of the original YBCO, the common perovskite structure is formed as shown by the experimental results, and the formation of the a/b-axis oriented particles seems to be suppressed due to the AC loss reduction structure that does not form voids.
According to the flowchart illustrated in