A thickness of the hole transport region may be in a range of about 100 ? to about 10,000 ?, for example, about 100 ? to about 1,000 ?. When the hole transport region includes at least one of a hole injection layer and a hole transport layer, a thickness of the hole injection layer may be in a range of about 100 ? to about 10,000 ?, for example, about 100 ? to about 1,000 ?, and a thickness of the hole transport layer may be in a range of about 50 ? to about 2,000 ?, for example, about 100 ? to about 1,500 ?. When the thicknesses of the hole transport region, the hole injection layer, and the hole transport layer are within the ranges above, satisfactory hole transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.