[A5] In some embodiments, the heat transfer structure of [A4] divides the microfluidic volume into at least a first channel and a second channel, wherein the anolyte fluid is located in the first channel and the catholyte fluid is located in the second channel.
[A6] In some embodiments, a cross-sectional area of the first channel of [A5] changes in a direction of flow of the anolyte fluid therein.
[A7] In some embodiments, the heat transfer structure of [A5] is curved in a direction of flow of the anolyte fluid.
[A8] In some embodiments, at least part of the membrane of [A2] includes the second die.
[A9] In some embodiments, the heat transfer structure of any of [A1] through [A8] includes a plurality of pin fins.
[A10] In some embodiments, the processing unit of any of [A1] through [A9] includes a charging device in fluid communication with the microfluidic volume and configured to recharge a discharged electrochemical fluid with a power source after the electrochemical fluid provides electrochemical energy to at least one of the first die and the second die.
[A11] In some embodiments, the processing unit of any of [A1] through [A10] includes a heat exchanger in communication with the microfluidic volume and configured to configured to exhaust heat from the electrochemical fluid.